In 1998, the European Union's Directive 98/44/ECclarified that patents on DNA sequences were allowable. Īs the commercial application of molecular diagnostics has become more important, so has the debate about patenting of the genetic discoveries at its heart. : ch 37 In 2012, molecular diagnostic techniques for Thalassemia use genetic hybridization tests to identify the specific single nucleotide polymorphism causing an individual's disease. From 2002 onwards, the HapMap Project aggregated information on the one-letter genetic differences that recur in the human population-the single nucleotide polymorphisms-and their relationship with disease. Informa Healthcare launched Expert Reviews in Medical Diagnostics in 2001. In 1999, the AMP co-founded The Journal of Medical Diagnostics. ĭuring the 1990s, the identification of newly discovered genes and new techniques for DNA sequencing led to the appearance of a distinct field of molecular and genomic laboratory medicine in 1995, the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) was formed to give it structure. In the 1980s, the phrase was used in the names of companies such as Molecular Diagnostics Incorporated and Bethseda Research Laboraties Molecular Diagnostics. suggested a prenatal genetic test for Thalassemia that did not rely upon DNA sequencing-then in its infancy-but on restriction enzymes that cut DNA where they recognised specific short sequences, creating different lengths of DNA strand depending on which allele (genetic variation) the fetus possessed. The field of molecular biology grew in the late twentieth century, as did its clinical application. Molecular diagnostics uses techniques such as mass spectrometry and gene chips to capture the expression patterns of genes and proteins
: v-vii They overlap with clinical chemistry (medical tests on bodily fluids). These tests are useful in a range of medical specialties, including infectious disease, oncology, human leucocyte antigen typing (which investigates and predicts immune function), coagulation, and pharmacogenomics-the genetic prediction of which drugs will work best. īy analysing the specifics of the patient and their disease, molecular diagnostics offers the prospect of personalised medicine.
In medicine the technique is used to diagnose and monitor disease, detect risk, and decide which therapies will work best for individual patients, : foreword and in agricultural biosecurity similarly to monitor crop- and livestock disease, estimate risk, and decide what quarantine measures must be taken. Molecular diagnostics is a collection of techniques used to analyze biological markers in the genome and proteome, and how their cells express their genes as proteins, applying molecular biology to medical testing. Specialist using "Qiasymphony", an automation platform for molecular diagnostic tests
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